October 2014 ~ Circuit knowledge

Friday, October 31, 2014

5 3W Amplifier With Surround System Diagram Circuit

The AN7147 Dual 5.3-watt Audio Power Amplifier from Panasonic is listed as a ‘replacement type’ so hopefully will be around for some time to come. Together with some extra components, it can represent a simple surround-sound system requiring no opamps or a negative voltage supply. As shown by the circuit diagram the basic stereo amplifier is changed into a surround-sound system by a trick called ‘adding feedback from the opposite channel’. When surround sound is required, the negative feedback signals supplied by C13-R3 and C12-R4 are fed to the inputs of the ‘other’ amplifier. The resulting phase difference causes the surround effect. If surround sound is not required, the effect can be disabled by pressing push-button S1.

5.3W

5.3W

This causes the bistable built around IC2.A and IC2.B to toggle and drive transistors T1 and T2 such that the above mentioned negative feedback signals are effectively shunted to ground. A high-efficiency LED and a 3.3-kΩ series resistor (R14) should be used to make sure the maximum output current of the CMOS 4001 device is not exceeded. The amplifier should not be loaded with impedances smaller than 3Ω. The AN7147 will typically supply up to 4.3 watts into 4 Ω. The SIL-12 case needs to be cooled wit a small heatsink of about 6 K/W or better. The quiescent current is modest at just 19 mA.

Bluetooth Keyboard Controls Dancing Hexapod

Presently, production of robots of different types and functions are rapidly created to help people make their life easier. We can even imagine how the world would look like on the next decade to come. That is – robots do most of the work that people used to do.

Hacks

Most of the bots in the market are not controlled by Bluetooth except this bot. It’s amazing how this bot dances while controlling the Bluetooth keyboard and a lot of fun to watch for robot fanatics.

In spite the advantages of bots, it can shut down if operation failed therefore failure on its task. Then back to basics must always be a backup.

Thursday, October 30, 2014

Monitoring Acoustic Sensor Circuit Diagram

This is the Monitoring Acoustic Sensor Circuit Diagram. This acoustic sensor was originally developed for an industrial application (monitoring a siren), but will also find many domestic applications. Note that the sensor is designed with safety of operation as the top priority: this means that if it fails then in the worst-case scenario it will not itself generate a false indication that a sound is detected. Also, the sensor connections are protected against polarity reversal and short-circuits. The supply voltage of 24 V is suitable for industrial use, and the output of the sensor swings over the supply voltage range.

Simple Acoustic Sensor Circuit diagram :

simple

Simple Acoustic Sensor Circuit Diagram

The circuit consists of an electret micro-phone, an amplifier, attenuator, rectifier and a switching stage. MIC1 is supplied with a current of 1 mA by R9. T1 amplifies the signal, decoupled from the supply by C1, to about 1 Vpp. R7 sets the collector current of T1 to a maximum of 0.5 mA. The operating point is set by feedback resistor R8. The sensitivity of the circuit can be adjusted using potentiometer P1 so that it does not respond to ambient noise levels. Diodes D1 and D2 recitfy the signal and C4 provides smoothing. As soon as the voltage across C4 rises above 0.5 V, T2 turns on and the LED connected to the collector of the transistor lights. T3 inverts this signal.

If the microphone receives no sound, T3 turns on and the output will be at ground. If a signal is detected, T3 turns off and the output is pulled to +24 V by R4 and R5. In order to allow for an output current of 10 mA, T3’s collector resistor needs to be 2.4 kΩ. If 0.25 W resistors are to be used, then to be on the safe side this should be made up of two 4.7 kΩ resistors wired in parallel. Diode D4 protects the circuit from reverse polarity connection, and D3 protects the output from damage if it is inadvertently connected to the supply.

Author:Engelbert Göpfert - Copyright : Elektor

For Computers Speaker Headphone Switch Diagram Circuit

If you need to use a headset with your PC, then you will know how frustrating it is continuously swapping over speaker and microphone cables. This is even worse if the PC is parked in a dark corner and the hard-to-read writing on the sound card sockets is covered in dust. This simple switch box eliminates all these problems. It sits on top of the desk and connects to the PC with stereo one-to-one cables. On the rear of the box are sockets for the PC speaker and microphone connections and the existing speakers. On the front of the box are the sockets for the headset microphone and headphones, an input for an external microphone and two switches. One switch is used to direct the sound card output from the PC to either the existing speakers or the headphones.

Circuit diagram:

Speaker-Headphone Switch Circuit Diagram For Computers

The second switch connects either the headset microphone or the external microphone to the input socket of the PC sound card. The switches used were 3 position 4 pole rotary switches with the last pole unused and adjusted for 2-position operation. All sockets were stereo 3.5mm types. This multiple switching arrangement is very flexible and is especially handy if you want to use an external microphone while monitoring with headphones. The ground wire as well as the left and right wires are all switched to prevent noise that could otherwise be induced into the microphone input through joining separate earths. For the same reason, a plastic case is used so that the earths of the sockets are not shorted together as would happen with a metal case. You will require two additional short stereo extension cables to connect the box to the PC.

Author: Leon Williams - Copyright: Silicon Chip Electronics

1HZ Standard digital clock circuit with explanation

1HZ

This is a standard digital clock circuit,frequency size 1 Hz or 2 Hz. It can be used in the normal clock circuit. It consists of IC-4060 and IC-4013, the IC-4060 single acting Oscillator and Counter. of the frequency determined by the resistor and external capacitor.In the circuit, IC 4060 is a standard frequency generator with quartz crystal. The adjustment period with C2, and counter circuits within the IC 4060 will be only 2 Hz frequency dividing out the pin 3. The IC-4015 in the style of TF / F to divide two of the Clock signal frequency is out 1 Hz.

Wednesday, October 29, 2014

TDA2005 Low Cost 2x20 Watt Stereo Amplifier

This circuit is a small stereo amplifier for all suitable applications like amplifying small speakers, boxing, etc. It is also suitable for car use but before, the power supply must be choked with at least 150mH and it must give up to approximately 6 to 7 amps during the upstream performance. Appropriate heatsink for the amplifier is SK08 with a height of 50 mm (approx. 2.5 K per watt). You should drill the cooler after soldering the board to center it properly. The TDA2005 also needs not be isolated from the heat sink, since the metal mounting part of the IC is grounded.
2x20

2x20

2x20

You should use thermal paste to improve the heat dissipation. After the assembly , case construction is left to the builder. 100K potentiometers are used for adjusting the input volume. The potentiometers are absent in the layout. The 100K resistors need only be installed if the 100 K potentiometers are not used as shown in the layout. You should use a well designed quality transformer to get less noise. It will be another good way to use a sufficient battery to power the circuit. Keep the supply wires as short as possible. Input source should be isolated from the external noises too. It is recommended to use coaxial cable to connect the input audio.

2x20

2x20

2x20

Technical data:
Performance of TDA2005M: (for this circuit); At 14.4 V supply voltage: 2 x 20 watts (stereo) into 4 Ohms.
Distortion: Approx. 0.2% at 4 Watts into 4 ohm load.
Frequency Range: Approx. 20 Hz to 22 KHz.
Input Sensitivity: Approx. maximum 150 mV rms. .
Power supply: + 8 to 18 volts, approx. maximum 3.5 Amps per channel.

STK4050 Audio Amplifier with 200W

Overview
The project is based around the hybrid integrated circuit STK4050 manufactured by Sanyo to build a low noise mono audio amplifier with complete high quality.
Explanation The project has a maximum output power of 200W while incorporating a volume control. The power supply used in the circuit is an on-board type and because of this, only a center tapped transformer is needed for the powering of the circuit. The sound has a very good quality and it can be proven when used in home theaters, in computers, and other audio equipments which can also be used as subwoofer amplifier.
For thin-type audio sets, it can be considered as a compact package. The heat generated in thin-type audio sets is being dispersed easily with a good heatsink design. There may be case where a shock noise may be encountered especially during switch ON and switch OFF. This can be reduced by providing a constant current circuit. The design of the circuit can be tailored for reducing occurrence of thermal shutdown, short circuit protection for loads, shock noise muting from external power supply.
The load resistance should have 8 Ohms value with 55K Ohms input impedance.

Modifikasi STK 4050

Telephone Headgear Circuit Diagram

Acompact, inexpensive and low component count telecom head- set can be constructed using two readily available transistors and a few other electronic components. This circuit is very useful for hands-free operation of EPABX and pager communication. Since the circuit draws very little current, it is ideal for parallel operation with electronic telephone set.

Telephone

Working of the circuit is simple and straightforward. Resistor R1 and an ordinary neon glow- lamp forms a complete visual ringer circuit. This simple arrangement does not require a DC blocking capacitor because, under idle conditions, the telephone line voltage is insufficient to ionise the neon gas and thus the lamp does not light. Only when the ring signal is being received, it flashes at the ringing rate to indicate an incoming call. The bridge rectifier using diodes D1 through D4 acts as a polarity guard which protects the electronic circuit from any changes in the telephone line polarity.

Zener diode D5 at the output of this bridge rectifier is used for additional circuit protection. Section comprising transistor T1, resistors R2, R3 and zener diode D6 forms a constant voltage regulator that provides a low voltage output of about 5 volts. Dial tone and speech signals from exchange are coupled to the receiving sound amplifier stage built around transistors T2 and related parts, i.e. resistors R7, R6 and capacitor C5. Amplified signals from collector of transistor T2 are connected to dynamic receiver RT-200 (used as earpiece) via capacitor C7. A condenser microphone, connected as shown in the circuit, is used as transmitter. Audio signals developed across the microphone are coupled to the base of transistor T1 via capacitor C3. Resistor R4 determines the DC bias required for the microphone. After amplification by transistor T1, the audio signals are coupled to the telephone lines via the diode bridge. The whole circuit can be wired on a very small PCB and housed in a medium size headphone, as shown in the illustration. For better results at low line currents, value of resistor R2 may be reduced after testing

Tuesday, October 28, 2014

Low Noise Power Amplifier

The Curiously Low Noise Amplifier takes benefit of the wonderful blast characteristics of the 2SK170 JFET to facilitate boasts a clamor voltage underneath 1 nV/burrow-Hz and practically rejection racket current. The noise voltage of the amplifier is just 1.4 nV/root-Hz by the side of 1 kHz, increasing to only 2.7 nV/delve-Hz by 10 Hz. The blare current is awkward to quantity, so this undemanding benefit amplifier can notice the clamor from a 50 ohm resistor and a 100k resistor, too. (The 1.4 nV input-referred clamor command rise to re 1.7 nV with a 50 ohm resistor, as an alternative of a sharply, and a 100k resistor will bequeath an input-referred racket approaching 40 nV, with very small contribution from the amplifier.)

This amplifier is a "service" amplifier with a secure of 100, with the purpose of would typically occur used at home a lab setting to boost tiny signals on behalf of measurement or else added doling out. It isnt intended to drive a spokesperson or else headphones in a straight line. (It may well drive the LM386 quite nicely.) The circuit is a minimal discrete transistor view circuit with two grow stages and a unique panache-A output buffer stage:

Low

Low Noise Power Amplifier

500W Power Amplifier with 2SC2922 2SA1216

This amplifier has Output power about 500 Watt with the compatible voltage supply is under 63 Volt or same. If this amplifier operated the transistor output recomended to be place on the good heatsink. Because, the transistor will be hot. Transistor Ouput using SANKEN 2SC2922 and 2SA1216. Below describe the Circuit Diagram of 500W Power Amplifier :

500W

Could you repeat that? can occur made to add to offered audio power amplifier? The answer is either decrease load impedance otherwise increase supply voltage. The drop the impedance, the extra current is wanted, making the construction of low impedance output stages other testing (at hand are selected other matter-of-fact limits), so consent tos increase supply voltage.

Sanken

Sanken Transistor 2SC2922 [NPN] and 2SA1216 [PNP]

Components/parts list :

R1,R11 47K

R2,R3 33K

R4 1K5

R5,R7 2K2

R6,R8 100R

R9,R10 56R

R12 820R

R13 10R/5W

C1 220nF

C2,C3,C4 100uF/100V

C5,C6 100pF

C7 100nF/100V

D1,D2 IN4002

TR1,TR2 D438

TR3,TR4 B560

TR5,TR8 A958

TR6,TR7 C2168

TR9,TR10 2SC2922

TR11,TR12 2SA1216

Basic Home Theater Design

Basic

Basic Home Theater Design

Folks continually long for to bring native land a quantity of luxurious home entertainment scheme. This is for the reason that solitary very the minority households can afford home the stage system. Of postponed, only the rich and the famous can afford such luxury. This notion is at this point a point of the onwards. Home plays systems may perhaps now transpire free to greater run to of households as of the comprehension of necessary home the stage design. The basic home theater design possibly will merely require three basic components and these three components might already be present reasonable meant for the working group of pupils.

However, prior to you may possibly need to think of the essential in drama design for your home theater orderliness, you may perhaps need to know the size of the area for the home the stage align up. The size of the area to somewhere the home show business willpower be there set up will depend on how prime the home drama design needs to be.

Home theater experts recommends with the aim of if the span is quite unimportant, all you need used for your home plays design is a television set, three speakers and a DVD player. The home plays design may well be located dependent of the shpre of the span; however, the spot of the speakers remains to be the missing, the in shape and the focal point of the space. central homespun plays design may perhaps require a television set better than 27 inches. Too diminutive screen designed for your home drama design might not be alive sufficient for a film show business-like experience. This is since even for the home drama design, you possibly will need to consider the sight and sound of a film plays. It is the foremost consideration why colonize move on to a show show business, the enormous screen and the surround sound. With respect to the surround sound of a motion picture acting, the crucial three speakers is lone applicable pro lesser temporary housing, if the extent is superior, the place of origin show business design needs to be situated new than three, you may well go up to six speakers and a complimenting subwoofer may be de rigueur for the surround effect. up for grabs back to a undersized scope, if you hope against hope individual locate three speakers, you can require to consider wholesale a soaring quality brand amp; this will give away you an adequate amount of surround sound in place of a lesser opportunity.

If you own a miniature funds, ensure to facilitate the pile up wherever you spirit purchase your speakers will allow you to test the merchandise happening your extent and if it will not give you a first-rate surround sound, they be supposed to allow you to return otherwise change the item. This is as certain speakers sound good in the store but while you conclusively established them up in a tiny space, the effect is not very good. hit upon a neat deal somewhere they can allow you to return before use instead the speakers. However, if your resources is sufficient, you can consider hiring the services of a domestic the stage designer. Your home theater designer determination stay able to design the home the stage better and with complete accessories. He can require examination the power rating, and the need pro amplifiers. He may perhaps moreover vouch for using home plays projectors and he may recommend how the speakers need to be present. You preference develop a obedient home plays design if you will be able to hire home show business designers. The need designed for home theater sitting room and television cabinet may perhaps too be basic for the complete package of your home plays.

You might get pleasure from the entertainment devoid of having to tide traffic jam and enjoy inwards your own to your place the stage organization.

Monday, October 27, 2014

Type of UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply

UPS design of the model is divided into several types that produce different performance characteristics:

A. Standby

2. Line Interactive

3. Double Conversion On-Line

4. Delta Conversion On-Line

Standby UPS types

This type is commonly used by home users for the Presidency with their PC. UPS to be able to do this type of filtration against power failures and flow management, in addition to design efficient, small size and inexpensive.

Line Interactive UPS types

UPS is the type most often used in small business unit, web developer, and a number of servers located in government departments. Because, in addition to having high levels of reliability, this type also have the ability to adjust the voltage that is sufficient

fine.

UPS has an inverter is always connected to the output of the UPS system to convert the power from batteries into AC. In normal circumstances, the Inverter will perform battery charging. While in a state of power outages, Transfer Switch will close and drain power from the batteries to the UPS output. Position that is always connected to the inverter output filter provides additional power. This makes the type of UPS is widely used for server and electrical conditions are not too good.

Double Conversion type UPS On-Line

This type is most common for UPS with power more than 10kVA. These types have in common with the type of Standby. Only this type has a power source located on the inverter, not the AC power source. In this type, the main electricity supply interruption will not trigger a transfer switch for the incoming AC power to the central input to charge the batteries that provide power to the Inverter located at the output. Therefore, when the AC power is disconnected, the flow of energy will be transferred immediately without taking a break when the transfer occurs. This type of UPS above shows the performance of the average. Can be said of this type of approach the ideal of a UPS, unfortunately this type of heat is high enough.

UPS type Delta Conversion On-Line

Almost the same as the Double Conversion type, type Delta used to always supply voltage Inverter. When the power supply is interrupted, this type do the same with Double Conversion type. Delta Conversion has two functions, the first is to control the input power characteristics. While the second function is to control the input current to direct the process of charging the battery system. The thing to remember is to minimize this type of energy is wasted. In addition, it has a high compatibility to various types of generators and reduce the need for the use of cables.

STV9380 and STV9381 Vertical efficient

STV9380 and STV9381 is a vertical ic-out which very efficient, so it does not require cooling (heat sink) as the vertical ic is generally. This circuit works the same way as most other vertical ic, except at the amplifier end only. Amplifier section works at the end of class D (this is different to the generally vertical ic which working on a class AB).

STV9380 and STV9381

Vertical signal input by the "MODULATOR" changed its form to first become a form of "pulses" box before it is reinforced by the end of the transistor. Here transistor "amplifier end" work as like "switching transistor". Output result is a strengthening of which pulses of the box is then returned into regular shapes such as vertical signal using an LC fillter (capacitor and filter coil) . Requires IC supply voltage (+) 16V and (-) 16V STV9380 is able to produce pulses of the vertical 2.5 APP (Ampere pitch to peak) and STV9381 3 APP.

STV9380 and STV9381 Vertical efficient

300W High Power Amplifier

This high power amplifier circuit with transistor was designed to provide a manipulate in lieu of the otherwise useless TO3 power transistors with the purpose of many hobbyists experience at home their throw out megabucks. With upright construction the module is gifted of tall quality performance and is rated to 300 watts into a 4 ohm load depending on power supply. With the driver and output transistors specified it is some degree of to DC rails of +/- 70 volts.

Circuit Diagram

300W High Power Amplifier PCB layout

Sunday, October 26, 2014

class AB power amplifier by using STA543SA

A simple class AB power amplifier electronic project can be designed using the STA543SA a 3-channels audio amplifier IC with DC volume control dedicated for each single channel. STA543SA it is a device suitable for 2.1 audio system thank to its output configuration with two single ended channels and one bridge. This class AB power amplifier based on the STA543SA will provide a 24 watts output power on a single channel and 7 watts output power on the rest of channels . All output channels require a 4 ohms load .The Short Circuit Protection, the Thermal Protection and the Diagnostics Functions are integrated in the STA543SA power amplifier IC.
With this class AB power amplifier it is possible to amplify three analog signals Left, Right, Subwoofer coming from separated sources or to generate the BASS part to be sent to the Subwoofer via a passive crossover network .
The input Cut-off frequency is set by the external capacitor (C4,C8,C10) values and by the internal Input Impedance Rin ( 30KΩ typ) .
The stand-by can be easily activated by means of a CMOS level applied to pin 9 through a RC filter. In order to avoid the thermal protection intervention that is placed at Tj=150°C (Thermal Muting) or Tj=160°C (Thermal Shut-down), it is important the Heat Sinker RTH (°C/W)dimensioning.
A thermal heatsink with a value 4.3 °C/W will be required for three outputs (24W + 2 x 7 W) powered from a 14.4 volts DC .

Relay Selector Pushbutton Diagram Circuit

This circuit was designed for use in a hifi showroom, where a choice of speakers could be connected to a stereo amplifier for comparative purposes. It could be used for other similar applications where just one of an array of devices needs to be selected at any one time. A bank of mechanically interlocked DPDT pushbutton switches is the simplest way to perform this kind of selection but these switches aren’t readily available nowadays and are quite expensive. This simple circuit performs exactly the same job. It can be configured with any number of outputs between two and nine, simply by adding pushbutton switches and relay driver circuits to the currently unused outputs of IC2 (O5-O9).

Gate IC1a is connected as a relax-ation oscillator which runs at about 20kHz. Pulses from the oscillator are fed to IC1b, where they are gated with a control signal from IC1c. The result is inverted by IC1d and fed into the clock input (CP0) of IC2. Initially, we assume that the reset switch (S1) has been pressed, which forces a logic high at the O0 output (pin 3) of IC2 and logic lows at all other outputs (O1-O9). As the relay driver transistors (Q1-Q4) are switched by these outputs, none of the relays will be energised after a reset and none of the load devices (speakers, etc) will be selected. Now consider what happens if you press one of the selector switches (S2-S5, etc). For example, pressing S5 connects the O4 output (pin 10) of IC2 to the input (pin 9) of IC1c, pulling it low.

Circuit diagram:

Pushbutton

Pushbutton Relay Selector Circuit Diagram

This causes the output (pin 10) to go high, which in turn pulls the input of IC1b (pin 5) high and allows clock pulses to pass through to decade counter IC2. The 4017B counts up until a high level appears at its O4 output. This high signal is fed via S5 to pin 9 of NAND gate IC1c, which causes its output (pin 10) to go low. This low signal also appears on pin 5 of IC1b, which is then inhibited from passing further clock pulses on its other input (pin 6) through to its output (pin 4), thus halting the counter. So, the counter runs just long enough to make the output connected to the switch that is pressed go high. This sequence repeats regardless of which selector switch you press, so the circuit functions as an electronic interlock system.

Each relay driver circuit is a 2N7000 FET switch with its gate driven from one output of IC2 via a 100W resistor. The relay coil is connected from the drain to the +12V supply rail, with a reverse diode spike suppressor across each coil. If you want visual indication of the selected output, an optional indicator LED and series resistor can be connected across each relay coil, as shown. For selecting pairs of stereo speakers, we’d suggest the use of relays like the Jaycar SY-4052. These operate from 12V and have DPDT contacts rated for 5A. Note that although four selector switches are shown in the circuit, only two relay drivers are shown because of limited space. For a 4-way selector, identical relay drivers would be driven from the O2 and O3 outputs of IC2.

Author: Jim Rowe - Copyright: Silicon Chip Electronics

Saturday, October 25, 2014

455kHz IF Receivers DRM Down Converter

This project came about due to my interest in a new form of radio transmission called DRM, which stands for "Digital Radio Mondiale" (see www.drm.org). This is a new form of digital shortwave transmission. A few devices are available from Europe for decoding the digital signals but are expensive. I decided instead to modify an existing circuit, using a stable purpose-built 470kHz ceramic resonator as the oscillator, rather than the original unstable L/C version. The 455kHz IF signal from a shortwave receiver is fed into the input (pin 1) of a double-balanced mixer and oscillator (IC1) via a level adjustment pot (VR1). The NE506’s output (pin 4) is then AC-coupled to a PC’s sound card input for processing. With the capacitor between pins 5 & 7 set to 150pF, the oscillator frequency should be around 467.5kHz. You can check if the oscillator is working by putting it near a receiver tuned to 467kHz. You should hear a beat frequency.

Circuit diagram: DRM

DRM

DRM DownConverter Circuit Diagram For 455kHz IF Receivers

The IF signal of 455kHz is mixed with 467kHz, giving an output with a centre frequency of 12kHz. Sound cards should have no trouble sampling the 10kHz-wide DRM signal. A number of software-defined radio applications were found to work well with this converter. These applications perform all of the demodulation (SSB, AM, FM, etc) and various other DSP functions. If all is well, connect your 455kHz IF to the input and your computer sound card to the output. Run the Dream software (see http://drm.sourceforge.net), and tune to 6095Khz (RNZI), or 1440Khz (SBS). You should see the Dream software lock onto the DRM transmission and audio should start playing from the computer speakers. The NE602AN mixer/oscillator and 470kHz resonator are available for a cost of $12.50 - email the author for more details at jwtitmus@bigpond.com. A CD with various software defined receivers as well as the latest Dream software decoder is also available.

Author: John Titmuss
Copyright: Silicon Chip Electronics

Friday, October 24, 2014

Subwoofer power amplifier IC OPA541BM

Subwoofer power amplifier circuit based on IC OPA541BM very suitable for use in subwoofer speakers, these amplifiers possess excellence in sound issued because the sound is very clear and issued in accordance with subwoofer speakers in a low tone.

Subwoofer power amplifier IC OPA541BM Circuit

Thursday, October 23, 2014

IC LA78040 schematic for vertical deflection

Synchronization circuit to make the signals useful in the process of scanning of the transmitter and sent to the Vertical and Horizontal. To be able to produce images on the picture tube phosphor surface is the same as what was sent, then the necessary adjustments to correct with ualsan which has decomposed on the sender and receiver on the review must be made again, and this is called synchronization.

IC LA78040 schematic for vertical deflection

On TV transmitter switching pulses that have made the same frequency as in the reviewing, and by using the switching pulse is then mulapenguilasan point getter on the tube and picture tube can be adjusted simultaneously.

At the transmitter, each end of the line reviews one pulse is emitted horizontally, and also at each end of the line vertical review (this is called a field review), another pulse is emitted. At the receiver using switching pulses had the time of the beginning (start) review can be arranged horizontally and vertically. Switching pulses are called the horizontal synchronizing signal and vertical synchronization. Vertical Synchronization A. Vertical in the tv series has the following functions a) bend / open beams of light (information) to the vertical direction. b) Synchronize files from a transmitter in the form of images with short time.

How to Create 1000 Watt Power Amplifier

Power amplifier has up to 1000 Watt power, this circuit made one channel only so if you want to create a stereo in it must be made one again, actually this is more suitable power amplifier in use for Sound System or outdoor, so if only in use for the house I think is less suitable.
Maybe youve seen or even have an active speaker and there is written 1500 watts PMPO (Peak Music Power Output), make no mistake this is different from Power Amplifier Active Speaker, I often dismantle such Active Speaker in it only a power with power no more than 150 watts by using the transformer 2-3 Ampere. PMPO is not a real power which is issued by the Power Amplifier, but counting all the speakers that there is, for example: if there are 5 pieces of speakers on each channel and each speaker has a power of 10 W then it is 100 W PMPO.

1000W

1000W Power Amplifier schematics

1000W

Part List 1000W amplifier

While this 1000 Watt Power Amplifier minimal use transformer 20 Ampere. And the output of Power Amplifier DC voltage contains approximately 63 volts, with currents and voltages of this magnitude, this 1000 Watt Power Amplifier will not hesitate hesitate to destroy your woofer speakers to connect. To overcome that then before the speaker on connects to 1000 Watt Power Amplifier must be in pairs Speaker Protector.

Actually if you want to create a Power Amplifier with great power does not have to make a Power Amplifier with great power. Example: you want to create a Power Amplifier with 10 000 Watt power. You do not have to assemble a Power Amplifier with power of 10,000 watts, but you assemble the power Power Amplifier Small but many, such as you assemble the Power Amplifier with 1000 Watts of power for as many as 10 pieces, it will produce 10 000 Watt Power Amplifier helpless.

Circuit uses power transistors pair of 5 x 5 x 2SA1216 and 2SC2922 and 2SC1583 use a differential amplifier that actually contains 2 pieces of transistors that are in containers together. Why use such built-in amplifier differental tujuanya so identical / similar, could have uses 2 separate transistors but can result in amplifier so it is not symmetrical.

Tips combining speaker.

To get the speakers with great power combining techniques can be used in parallel series, combining each group of speakers should sepaker they will have the same impedance, the same type (Woofer, Mid Range or tweeter) and the same power. Number of merging these speakers should consists of 4 , 9, 16 ff, see picture

1000W

Speaker wiring

Example: The number of speakers have 4 pieces each of its 200 Watt power generated will be a speaker at = 200 x 4 = 800 Watt. If there are 9 speakers 200 W then the result = 9 x 200 W = 1800 Watt.

Michas AVR Transistor tester

Everyone knows the problem: you have a transistor, but you can not read the signature. Or you can not find the datasheet. You have a diode or you have a capacitor, but you can not read ... Here is the solution smarty.

Michas_AVR-Transistortester

Features:

* Automatic detection of NPN and PNP transistors, N-and P-channel MOSFET, the diode (including the double diode), thyristor, triac and resistor.

* Automatic pin detection and reporting of test components

* Detect and display protection diode and the MOSFET transistor

* Determination of the amplification factor and the forward base-emitter voltage of transistor

* Measurement of threshold voltage and gate capacitance of MOSFET

* Show the value of the text-LCD (2 × 16)

* One-button operation, automatic shut-off

* Power consumption in off mode: <20 nA

This tester also supports measuring the diode, R / C testing, and many other components identified.

Wednesday, October 22, 2014

OTL 100W Power Amplifier 2N3055

This is Circuit Power Amp OTL 100W Amplifier by transistor 2N3055. It easy to build because normal circuit power amp OTL. To use power supply 98V 5A. Out put power 100W at Speaker 8 OHM or 120W : 4OHM.

OTL

OTL 100W Power Amplifier [2N3055]

Sunday, October 19, 2014

ca3140 5V 13V power supply variable regulated

This be power supply variable regulator circuit, since 5V to 13V that current about 1A. By use IC LM7805 (3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator) perform maintain one’s position voltage, be stable that 5V. And have op-amp IC number CA3140 , help fine decorate voltage go out can modify 5V to 13V from get, by use VR1 in fining decorates. It takes current from output feed come back still a pin GND of LM7805 control the level voltage get efficiently better using resistor R1 only. See little detail in the circuit.

Saturday, October 18, 2014

IC 723 TIP41 Laboratory Power Supply Variable voltage

1.2V – 12V with regulated current limiter through resistors
Person see the website wants DC Volt adjustable Regulate 1.2V to 12V current 1-2A sizes at the first stage me think will choose the circuit that use IC LM317. But he tells have IC LM723 the many. Then of this circuit better which this easy circuit, use integrated number this circuit. And still use number transistor TIP41 0R TIP31 help enlarge current get about 1-2A fine VR1 for choose Volt follow want. The detail is other can see in the circuit has and original website http://www.elektroda.net/warsztatowe/zasilaczelabor.html

Circuit Diagram for 250 W HID Metal Halide Electronic Ballast

Circuit Diagram for 250 W HID Metal Halide Electronic Ballast

The following file is an application note from st.com describing the two stages of electronic ballast for a 250 W HID (high-intensity discharge) metal halide lamp. The ballast is composed of a boost converter (power factor controller PFC) working in fixed OFF time and an inverter composed of a full bridge that drives the lamp at low frequency square wave. The components include a PFC driver, half-bridge drivers, a microcontroller, an auxiliary power supply, a voltage reference, logic parts, an amplifier, comparators, power devices as Power MOSFETs, IGBTs, and fast diodes.

Herein this file you will find detail information regarding 250 W HID lamp description, general circuit description, board description, L6385 high-voltage high and low side driver, ST7LITE39 microcontroller (application pin), auxiliary power supply, TS272 high-performance CMOS dual operational amplifiers, LM119 high-speed dual comparators, 74AC00 QUAD2-input NAND gates, lamp data, PFC section design criteria, full bridge design criteria, experimental results, firmware flowchart, references, and revision history.

Friday, October 17, 2014

ATmega88 Voting Pads System based circuit

Voting

I remember when i was a kid, i was just starting with electronics, and i was very curious about this kind of systems. They were present in every contest show on tv. It’s cool that someone developed and published a project like this. The system is controlled by an ATmega88, and the voting pads interconnect trough RS-485. After the voting is done, a Java application that runs on the PC generates bar graphs.

Simple Park Aid Circuit Diagram

This Park-Aid Circuit Diagram was designed as an aid in parking the car near the garage wall when backing up. LED D7 illuminates when bumper-wall distance is about 20 cm., D7+D6 illuminate at about 10 cm. and D7+D6+D5 at about 6 cm. In this manner you are alerted when approaching too close to the wall. All distances mentioned before can vary, depending on infra-red transmitting and receiving LEDs used and are mostly affected by the color of the reflecting surface.

Black surfaces lower greatly the device sensitivity. Obviously, you can use this circuit in other applications like liquids level detection, proximity devices etc. Circuit operation: IC1 forms an oscillator driving the infra-red LED by means of 0.8mSec. pulses at 120Hz frequency and about 300mA peak current. D1 & D2 are placed facing the car on the same line, a couple of centimeters apart, on a short breadboard strip fastened to the wall. D2 picks-up the infra-red beam generated by D1 and reflected by the surface placed in front of it. The signal is amplified by IC2A and peak detected by D4 & C4. Diode D3, with R5 & R6, compensates for the forward diode drop of D4. A DC voltage proportional to the distance of the reflecting object and D1 & D2 feeds the inverting inputs of three voltage comparators. These comparators switch on and off the LEDs, referring to voltages at their non-inverting inputs set by the voltage divider resistor chain R7-R10.

Park-Aid Circuit Diagram

Parts:

R1_____________10K 1/4W Resistor

R2,R5,R6,R9_____1K 1/4W Resistors

R3_____________33R 1/4W Resistor

R4,R11__________1M 1/4W Resistors

R7______________4K7 1/4W Resistor

R8______________1K5 1/4W Resistor

R10,R12-R14_____1K 1/4W Resistors

C1,C4___________1µF 63V Electrolytic or Polyester Capacitors

C2_____________47pF 63V Ceramic Capacitor

C3,C5_________100µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors

D1_____________Infra-red LED

D2_____________Infra-red Photo Diode (see Notes)

D3,D4________1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes

D5-7___________LEDs (Any color and size)

IC1_____________555 Timer IC

IC2___________LM324 Low Power Quad Op-amp

IC3____________7812 12V 1A Positive voltage regulator IC

Circuit modification:

A circuit modification featuring an audible alert instead of the visual one is available here: Park-Aid Modification

Notes:

Power supply must be regulated (hence the use of IC3) for precise reference voltages. The circuit can be fed by a commercial wall plug-in adapter, having a DC output voltage in the range 12-24V.
Current drawing: LEDs off 40mA; all LEDs on 60mA @ 12V DC supply.
The infra-red Photo Diode D2, should be of the type incorporating an optical sunlight filter: these components appear in black plastic cases. Some of them resemble TO92 transistors: in this case, please note that the sensitive surface is the curved, not the flat one.
Avoid sun or artificial light hitting directly D1 & D2.
If your car has black bumpers, you can line-up the infra-red diodes with the (mostly white) license or number plate.
It is wiser to place all the circuitry near the infra-red LEDs in a small box. The 3 signaling LEDs can be placed far from the main box at an height making them well visible by the car driver.
The best setup is obtained bringing D2 nearer to D1 (without a reflecting object) until D5 illuminates; then moving it a bit until D5 is clearly off. Usually D1-D2 optimum distance lies in the range 1.5-3 cm.
If you are needing a simpler circuit of this kind driving a LED or a relay, click Infra-red Level Detectorv

Thursday, October 16, 2014

Electromagnetic Levitation Device

I was looking for something interesting about one of the projects of Tesla when I came across a very cool circuit, which referred to electromagnetic levitation. Levitation always aroused very human curiosity, since it was associated with magic and stuff besides. Magicians levitate objects or their Partners, not counting the flying saucers that levitating cows abduction them. Outside these "unbelievable" and supernatural phenomena there is the scientific side of levitation, where this supernatural phenomenon becomes simple when using the electro-electronics.

Of course we can not use electronics to levitate a cow, unless it is with a belly full of nails. But we can make relatively simple devices that allows the levitation of small metal objects. Called levitators, levitrons, anti-gravity devices or levitation device, there is no mystery nor magic, everything is pure physics. Who ever made an electromagnet by wrapping wire in coil form on a nail. This is the principle that I found pretty cool device, it is very interesting since it is designed to actually levitate an object without touch anything. An electromagnet pulls the object levitates but not as the metal object tends to stick to the nail.

The basic electromagnet

With this circuit you can do with any ferromagnetic object levitate in the air, getting off without any visible thing to hold him. The secret is simple, a simple electromagnet was added a detector circuit passing that controls the current sent to the electromagnet. Every time the object passes through a given position the electromagnet receives less current and becomes weaker, and when the object falls the electromagnet receives more pulling on the object. By this he seems to be floating in the air without the aid of any device. The author of the project used as an optical sensor barrier formed by an infrared LED and an infrared photo diode and thus detects the position of the object.

The machine Levitate

The sensor operation is as follows, if the object climb, the LED will be illuminated and less circuit reduces the current in the coil of the electromagnet. If the object down, the LED will be illuminated and the current to the electromagnet will increase. The control circuit of the electromagnetic levitation device uses an integrated operational amplifier 1458 or 4558 as a voltage comparator circuit, but any other operating circuit can be used, such as a LM741.

What controls the charge to the electromagnet is a MOSFET power transistor, which may be a IRFZ44, or IRF3205 IRF540, which must have a heat sink. Have the electromagnet may be reused in any relay or large coil in the case, the author used a coil electromagnet with 1,200 laps with an enameled wire 0.4 mm in diameter in an iron core with 8 mm diameter. The coil has a resistance of about 8 ohms and is not designed for continuous operation at full 12V because it dissipates 18 watts. When operating the unit with the levitating object, the actual loss of coil power is much lower. Therefore one should not leave the unit turned on without anything to him levitate, as well as all the load goes to the coil and may burn it.

Adjustments Levitator

I would advise using a trim pot in place of R1 , photo diodes have different sensitivities , you may need to adjust the value of R1 . Measures of stress , when the photo diode is illuminated completely , its voltage should not be less than 6 Volts and 12 Volts almost electromagnet . When the photo diode is not illuminated , that is, when the light beam from the infrared LED is completely stopped, there must be more than 6 volts and the photo diode almost zero tension in the electromagnet.

If you have problems with the stability of the electromagnetic levitation device, ie , if the object starts to get very unstable or vibrating , you must change the time constant of the circuit . To do this , you must change the value of the capacitor C1 . This electrolytic capacitor 4.7 uF is originally from , but you can try lower values like 2.2 uF to 1uF and larger values like 10uF to 22uF . With a range of 1uF to 22uF will already be enough to settle the balance of the time constant , vary and test until the circuit enters a stable state as the video above .

Simple Car Alarm Arming Horn Beep Canceller

Its a great convenience that most modern cars come with a built in alarm, however it is nothing but noise pollution that the horn sounds when the alarm is armed. Disconnecting the alarm system from the horn relay will eliminate this, but prevent the horn from sounding in the even of an actual alarm. This circuit serves to silence the arming beep yet maintain the alarm by introducing a small delay into the signal. It sits between the alarm and horn relay. The alarm must provide a constant horn signal for at least 3 seconds before the horn relay is activated. That way the quick "beep" will never activate the horn relay, while the constant alarm signal will.

Part	Total Qty.	Description	Substitutions
C1	1	0.01uF Ceramic Disc Capacitor
C2	1	100uF 35V Electrolytic Capacitor
R1	1	1K 1/4W Resistor
R2	1	10K 1/4W Resistor
R3	1	15K 1/4W Resistor
R4	1	470 Ohm 1/4W Resistor
D1, D3, D4	3	1N4004 Rectifier Diode
D2	1	Red LED
U1	1	555 Timer IC
K1	1	SPST 12V Automotive Relay
MISC	1	Board, Wire, Socket For U1, Case

Simple 0 50V 2A Bench Power Supply Circuit Diagram

I use the lm10 IC because it has a reference voltage and that’s useful for dc power supply. With two ICs can take different output voltage and amperage. This circuit is protected from short circuit.P2 is for controlling the current at the range of 0-2A. Stabilize the output voltage with R4 on negative pin on op-amp and with R2 & P1 on positive pin.

0-50V 2A Bench Power Supply Circuit Diagram

Simple

Op-amp output controls T1 that not let ripple of voltage.T1 increase or decrease ampere of R6 and control the voltage of T5 & T4. Pin 1 is the reference voltage and reference voltage is losing some voltage on R1 that has 100uA . This current passes through P1 too.
Vlose p1=100uA*Rp1

This lose voltage regulate output voltage rate of output current is compare between reference voltage of P3 and lose voltage on R11.T3 is protecting short circuit with R11. For reduce out put voltage to 0v should parallel one resistor 470 ohm in out put. Minimum voltage is 0.4v. The maximum output voltage is fixed with R1b and should not become over of 50v. Therefore your transformer should give 36V, 3A with 4700uF capacitor. T6, T5, T7 need heatsilk.

Simple

R1a = 2,2 K
R1b = read the text
R2 = 10 K
R3, R7 = 3.3 k
R4 = 390 Ohm
R5 = 47 K
R6 = 3.3 K 1Watt
R8 = 180 Ohm
R9, R10 = 0.47 Ohm 3Watt
R11 = 0.075 Ohm 2Watt
R12 = 470 Ohm
P1 = 500K liner potentiometer
P2 = 4.7 K potentiometer
P3 = 10 K potentiometer
C1 = 1nF
C2 = 10nF
C3 = 22nF
C4 = 47mF 63v electrolytic
C5 = 4700mF 80v electrolytic
T1, T2 = BC161
T3, T4 = BD141
T5 = BD241
T6, T7 = 2V3055
D1, D2 = 1N4148
D3, D4 = 1N4001
IC1, IC2 = LM10C

Wednesday, October 15, 2014

Simple Frequency Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram

This is the simple frequency voltage converter circuit diagram. Teledyne Semiconductor`s Type TSC9402 is a versatile IC. Not only can it convert voltage into frequency, but also frequency into voltage. It is thus eminently suitable for use in an add-on unit for measuring frequencies with a multimeter.

Only a few additional components are required for this.. Just one calibration point sets the center of the measuring range (or of that part of the range that is used most frequently). The frequency-proportional direct voltage at the output (pin 12â€”amp out) contains interference pulses at levels up to 0.7 V. If these have an adverse effect on the multimeter, they can be suppressed with the aid of a simple RC network.

The output voltage, U0, is calculated by: tfo=C/rei(Ci + 12 pF) R2fm Because the internal capacitance often has a greater value than the 12 pF taken here, the formula does not yield an absolute value. The circuit has a frequency range of dc to 10 kHz. At 10 kHz, the formula gives a value of 3.4 V. The circuit draws a current of not more than 1 mA.

Frequency Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram

Build a 25W Bridge Audio Amplifier with TDA2005

This is the 25W bridge audio amplifier built using single power IC TDA2005. Actually, the TDA2005 is a stereo power amplifier chip. It has two input channels and two output channel and delivers about 10W power output for each channel, since it connected in bridge mode then it will delivering up to 25W audio output. Take a note that the speaker terminals should not conected to the ground and mount the IC on the heatsink to prevent overheating.

25W Bridge Audio Amplifier with TDA2005 Circuit Diagram

Parts List:
R1 = 120K?
R2,5,6 = 1K?
R3,4 = 12?
R7,8= 1?
C1,5,7 = 220uF/25V
C2,10,11 = 100nF
C3,4 = 2.2uF/25V
C6,8 = 100uF/25V
C9 = 10uF/25V
IC1 = LM2005M / TDA2005

Build a 9V Wireless Microphone FM Transmitter

This FM transmitter circuit can be used as a wireless microphone, can be received by an ordinary 88- to 108-MHz FM broadcast receiver. For the power supply, this transmitter circuit is powered by a 9 V battery. To comply with the radiation limit of FCC rules, keep the antenna length under 12 inches. L1 is 6 turns of #24 wire wound around a pencil or a 1/4″ form, with turns spacing of 1 wire diameter. C6 is a gimmick capacitor which has value about 1 pF.

9V Wireless Microphone FM Transmitter Circuit Diagram

Monday, October 13, 2014

Digital Ignition System Wiring Diagram Jaguar XJS

Jaguar

The 1992 Jaguar XJS ignition system uses a digital microprocessor-controlled system that eliminates vacuum and mechanical advance controls. The microprocessor contains ignition timing with precise timing for engine speeds, loads and modes of operation. This system (located in the ECU), receives inputs from engine sensors to program the necessary ignition timing. The crankshaft position and engine speed inputs are necessary for the engine to start.

The following schematic shows the 1992 Jaguar XJS Digital Ignition System Wiring Diagram.

Sunday, October 5, 2014

DC Power Supply Dual rail Variable Circuit

DC Power Supply Dual-rail Variable Circuit

* The circuit can be placed into the existing Variable DC Power Supply metal cabinet.

* Q1 and Q2 must be mounted on heatsinks. Usually, bolting them to the metal case (through insulating washers etc.) proved effective.

* The full ±15V output can be achieved only if the secondary winding of the supply Transformer used in the Variable DC Power Supply is rated at 48V minimum (center tapped).

* When using this circuit, please set the Current-limit control (P1) of the Variable DC Power Supply to any value comprised in the 50mA - 1A range but not higher.

* The second Op-amp (IC1B) contained in the LM358 chip was not used, but its input pins were tied to the negative supply and the output was left open.

DC Power Supply Dual-rail Variable Part list:

R1 = 4.7K-1/2W
R1 = 4.7K-1/2W
C1 = 100nF-63V
C2 = 220µF-25V
C3 = 220µF-25V
C4 = 100nF-63V
C5 = 100nF-63V
Q1 = BD437
Q2 = BD438
IC1 = LM358

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